The three quality criteria

Gütekriterien. German research methodology teaches three quality criteria in a fixed order: Objektivität, Reliabilität, Validität. Objectivity means the result does not depend on who carried out the measurement. Reliability means the instrument measures with small error. Validity means it measures the thing it was supposed to measure.

And they are taught as a chain. Objectivity is the precondition for reliability, and reliability is the precondition for validity. You cannot have the third without the first two.

Every German student who has written a thesis has had to argue all three in a methods chapter.

Voice of the customer

An American business term for research feeding directly into decisions, with a formal methodology and a place in the product process. Controlling that channel is a genuine source of influence, and the competition to own it is real.

The path to CEO

American chief executives come disproportionately from operations, finance and sales. The route runs through functions that carry a number and face outward, not through the functions that write the rules.

Justus von Liebig

Liebig found that plant growth is limited not by the total nutrients available but by whichever single nutrient is scarcest. Add more of everything else and nothing improves. Add the one that is missing and the crop grows.

The Law of the Minimum is a diagnostic principle disguised as agricultural chemistry. The problem has one cause, and treating the others is waste.

Consumer Reports

The American product testing organisation, founded in 1936, takes no advertising and publishes ratings alongside price. Its signature judgment is the Best Buy — not the best product, but the best product at its price.

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