The three quality criteria

Gütekriterien. German research methodology teaches three quality criteria in a fixed order: Objektivität, Reliabilität, Validität. Objectivity means the result does not depend on who carried out the measurement. Reliability means the instrument measures with small error. Validity means it measures the thing it was supposed to measure.

And they are taught as a chain. Objectivity is the precondition for reliability, and reliability is the precondition for validity. You cannot have the third without the first two.

Every German student who has written a thesis has had to argue all three in a methods chapter.

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