To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. The novel centers on the trial of Tom Robinson, an African American man falsely accused of rape. Atticus Finch, acting as his defense attorney, embodies the judge-like approach: he carefully examines objective evidence (or the lack thereof) and cross-examines subjective witness testimony in court. The narrative shows how American justice seeks to balance hard facts with personal accounts, and how the process of judgment is shaped by both.
literature
Salem witches
The Crucible by Arthur Miller. Set during the Salem witch trials, the play dramatizes how accusations and personal testimonies can override objective evidence. Judges in the play struggle to distinguish truth from hysteria, weighing conflicting testimonies and scant evidence. The play critiques and exemplifies the American tradition of judicial inquiry, showing both its strengths and its dangers when subjective testimony overwhelms objective fact.
Twelve Angry Men
Twelve Angry Men by Reginald Rose: This classic play (and its film adaptation) focuses on a jury deliberating the fate of a young defendant. The jurors must sift through the facts of the case and the credibility of witness statements, debating until they reach a unanimous verdict. The story is a direct metaphor for the American conflict resolution style: careful, collective weighing of evidence and testimony before rendering judgment.
private confessions
The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne: The novel explores the consequences of adultery in Puritan New England. Community leaders and townspeople act as moral judges, considering both public evidence and private confessions as they mete out social punishment and reconciliation. The book highlights how American society has historically balanced objective facts (the visible scarlet letter) and subjective testimony (personal guilt, confession) in resolving moral and social conflicts.
The Broken Jug
Heinrich von Kleist – Der zerbrochne Krug (The Broken Jug, 1808). This classic play centers on a village court case in which a judge must determine who broke a jug belonging to a local woman. The entire plot revolves around the careful reconstruction of events, examination of evidence, and the search for truth through witness testimony and logical deduction. The play is a brilliant satire of the judicial process, but at its core, it exemplifies the German logic of conflict resolution: reconstructing causes, scrutinizing evidence, and striving for objective truth, even as human flaws complicate the process.
Inspector Bärlach
Friedrich Dürrenmatt – Der Richter und sein Henker (The Judge and His Hangman, 1950). This crime novel follows Inspector Bärlach as he investigates the murder of a police officer. The story is a masterclass in methodical investigation, weighing of evidence, and unraveling of motives and circumstances. Dürrenmatt’s work reflects the German tradition of meticulously reconstructing events and motives to reach a just resolution.
Katharina Blum
Heinrich Böll – Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum (The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum, 1974). This novel tells the story of a woman’s life being destroyed by tabloid journalism and public suspicion. The narrative is structured as a quasi-investigative report, presenting evidence, testimonies, and different perspectives to reconstruct the truth behind the scandal. Böll’s novel is a critique of media sensationalism but also a literary experiment in objective reporting and evidence-based narrative, mirroring the German mediator’s analytical approach.
obsession with causality
Franz Kafka – Der Prozess (The Trial, 1925). Kafka’s protagonist, Josef K., is arrested and prosecuted by a mysterious authority without ever being told his crime. The novel is a nightmarish exploration of bureaucracy, guilt, and the desperate search for evidence and explanation. While Kafka’s novel ultimately highlights the frustration and impossibility of finding objective evidence in a totalitarian system, it powerfully dramatizes the German obsession with causality, procedure, and the need for rational explanation.
Maria Stuart
Friedrich Schiller – Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart, 1800). This historical drama reconstructs the final days of Mary, Queen of Scots, focusing on the legal and moral evidence that leads to her execution. Schiller’s play is a profound meditation on justice, evidence, and the interplay of personal motives and political necessity—central concerns in German approaches to conflict and resolution.
internalized
Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller. Willy Loman’s self-worth is deeply tied to his professional success and the feedback he receives from employers, family, and society. Praise or criticism of his work is internalized as a judgment of his personal value, highlighting how professional feedback in American culture is often experienced as personal affirmation or rejection.