The workaround

An American word for the informal route people use when the official one does not work, and it is largely neutral in tone. It is discussed openly, sometimes documented, occasionally adopted as the new official route.

Empowerment

An American management word, and companies built programmes around it: front-line staff authorised to resolve a problem up to a stated amount without approval. The Ritz-Carlton figure, widely reported at two thousand dollars per guest, became the standard illustration.

The waiver

American processes come with a documented path around them — a variance in a building code, an exception request in procurement, a waiver in a grant programme. The exception is not a failure of the process. It is part of the process, with its own form.

Bureaucracy

In American usage the word is an accusation, and it is applied to private companies as readily as to government. Elsewhere the word can describe a form of organisation. In American English it describes a failure of one.

Red tape

The American term for procedure that has stopped serving anything, and it is never neutral. Politicians campaign on cutting it. Agencies publish counts of rules eliminated. The metaphor is of something that binds without holding anything together.

Reengineering the Corporation

Hammer and Champy, 1993. One of the bestselling American business books ever published, and its instruction was to stop improving existing processes and abolish them. The subtitle was a manifesto for business revolution. Millions of American managers bought a book telling them their processes were the problem.

Context, not control

Netflix published its culture document in 2009 and it was downloaded millions of times. Its argument was that a company should give people the context to decide well rather than processes to follow. It included an unlimited vacation policy and an expense policy of five words: act in Netflix’s best interests.

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