The waiver

American processes come with a documented path around them — a variance in a building code, an exception request in procurement, a waiver in a grant programme. The exception is not a failure of the process. It is part of the process, with its own form.

Bureaucracy

In American usage the word is an accusation, and it is applied to private companies as readily as to government. Elsewhere the word can describe a form of organisation. In American English it describes a failure of one.

Reengineering the Corporation

Hammer and Champy, 1993. One of the bestselling American business books ever published, and its instruction was to stop improving existing processes and abolish them. The subtitle was a manifesto for business revolution. Millions of American managers bought a book telling them their processes were the problem.

Context, not control

Netflix published its culture document in 2009 and it was downloaded millions of times. Its argument was that a company should give people the context to decide well rather than processes to follow. It included an unlimited vacation policy and an expense policy of five words: act in Netflix’s best interests.

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