Die Kalkulation. The German word for working out what something must cost — materials, labour, overhead, margin — and the noun is used as though it produces a result rather than an estimate. Das ist so kalkuliert ends a conversation about price. The figure was derived, and the derivation is available.
The derivation
The derivation. In German physics and engineering teaching, the Herleitung is required — you show how the formula follows from what came before.
A formula that is merely known is not yet owned. The student is asked to bring it down from its origins, which is what the word says.
The civil service tracks
Die Beamtenlaufbahn. The German civil service is divided into four career tracks — simple, middle, elevated and higher service — and the entry track is determined by qualification held. Movement between tracks is possible but formally regulated. Where you start is a function of what you studied.
Who writes, remains
Wer schreibt, der bleibt — who writes, remains. A German saying about the authority of the written record, used in meetings about who is taking the minutes.
Papier ist geduldig — paper is patient, the counter-saying, warning that writing something down does not make it true.
Das steht so im Prozess — that is how it stands in the process. Offered in German discussion as a reason, and usually accepted as one.
Fixed book prices
Die Buchpreisbindung. German law fixes the retail price of books. Every shop sells the same title at the same price, and the publisher sets it. The price is treated as a property of the book rather than of the transaction.
Signing authority
Der Prokurist. A German commercial role defined in the Commercial Code, carrying wide legal authority to act for the company and entered in the commercial register. The holder signs ppa. before their name. It is an advancement expressed as legal capacity rather than as a place on an organisation chart.
Setting the guidelines
The German Basic Law gives the Chancellor Richtlinienkompetenz — authority to determine the general guidelines of policy. The constitution allocates the power to set the framework as a named competence, distinct from the power to decide within it.
The architects’ fee scale
Die HOAI. Until 2019, German law set both minimum and maximum fees for architects and engineers. Charging below the minimum was not permitted. The justification, stated by the professional chambers, was that binding rates protect planners and clients from ruinous price competition that would endanger quality and safety.
The European Court of Justice struck the binding rates down on 4 July 2019, holding that they obstructed price competition contrary to the Services Directive. Germany had to be told by a foreign court that price is something to compete on.
Critique of Pure Reason
Kant’s project in 1781 was not to reach conclusions about the world. It was to examine the instrument first — to establish what reason can and cannot validly do, before using it.
Critique, in his title, does not mean criticism. It means examining the apparatus.
The most influential work in German philosophy is an inspection of the method, carried out before the work begins.
Two kinds of superior
German organisations distinguish the technical superior from the disciplinary one. Two different people, two different kinds of authority, and the split is normal enough to have standard vocabulary. Authority over the work and authority over the person are treated as separate things that need not sit together.