GLOBE is a large international study of culture and leadership. Two psychologists at German universities, Felix Brodbeck and Michael Frese, analyzed its data for Germany. With Mansour Javidan, they published a paper in 2002 titled Leadership made in Germany: Low on compassion, high on performance.
In 2004, Brodbeck described German leaders as oriented to the task, jedoch partizipativ um die besten Lösungen ringend, but struggling for the best solutions in a participative way. Their cooperation rests on die institutionell verankerte Partizipation auf Augenhöhe, participation at eye level that is anchored in institutions. In the GLOBE data, German managers express very high expectations that leaders be participative.