In 1968 the sociologist Niklas Luhmann published Vertrauen, trust, which describes trust as a mechanism for reducing social complexity. The Tagesspiegel quoted him in 2008: Wer Vertrauen erweist, nimmt Zukunft vorweg. Whoever shows trust anticipates the future. The newspaper added: Wenn auch als riskante Vorleistung, even if as a risky advance.