German workplace regulation specifies ergonomic requirements for seating, screens, lighting and reach, enforced through occupational safety law and inspected. The body is treated as a design constraint with numbers attached.
engineering
The Wright brothers at Kitty Hawk
Before the powered flight of 1903 came years of gliders, launched and crashed and rebuilt on the same stretch of sand. They built their own wind tunnel because the published lift tables were wrong. They did not calculate their way to flight. They flew, repeatedly and badly, until it worked.
One verb for thrift
Sparen means both to save money and to economise on anything. German appliances have Sparprogramme, cars have Spritsparen, buildings have Energiesparen. One verb covers thrift and efficiency, and Germans use it for both without noticing the join.
Combined heat and power
Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung. Combined heat and power. German plants capture the heat that electricity generation would otherwise waste and pipe it into district heating networks. The waste from one process is the input to another, by design.
The safety factor
Sicherheitsfaktor. German engineering practice works with generous safety factors, specified in DIN standards and in the professional codes of the engineering chambers. The structure is built to carry loads it will never meet. The margin is the contingency, and it sits in the design rather than in a separate plan.
Air conditioning
American buildings are cooled to a degree that visitors routinely find excessive, and the cost is treated as the price of comfort rather than as waste. The output is the temperature. The input is a bill.
Degree of effect
Degree of effect. The German word for efficiency in the engineering sense — output divided by input — and it appears in ordinary conversation about boilers, cars and appliances. The ratio is a household concept, not a specialist one.
The body of rules
Das Regelwerk — the work of rules. A German compound naming the whole structure of rules governing a field as a single object, used in engineering, sport, finance and administration. The rules are understood as a system rather than as a collection.
The passive house
Passivhaus. A German building standard, developed in the early 1990s, specifying a house that needs almost no active heating — achieved through insulation, airtightness, triple glazing and heat recovery ventilation. The standard is defined by energy consumed per square metre per year. The building is designed backwards from the number.
The GS mark
Geprüfte Sicherheit — tested safety. A German mark applied to products that have been examined by an approved testing body against a defined set of requirements.
It is voluntary. Manufacturers pay to be tested, pay to carry the mark, and submit to periodic re-inspection of the production.
German consumers look for it. A voluntary mark only works where enough buyers check for it to make the cost worth paying.