From 2009 to 2015, a regulation of the Saxon ministry of education set out how Abitur papers were to be marked. It stated the rule plainly: Sprachliche und formale Mängel sind in allen Prüfungsarbeiten zu kennzeichnen. Errors of language and form must be marked in all exam papers. Each type of error had its own code. R marked spelling, GR grammar and Z punctuation. The same regulation set out separate codes for faults in content. The first marker corrected in red ink, and the second in green.