In 1790, Immanuel Kant published the Kritik der Urteilskraft, the Critique of Judgment. In section 53 he ranks the arts, and he separates two things. Speaking well and beautifully belongs to the fine arts. The art of the orator, ars oratoria, does not. Kant defines it as the art of using people’s weaknesses for one’s own purposes, even when those purposes are well meant or really good. Rednerkunst … ist … gar keiner Achtung würdig. It deserves no respect at all. Kant explains why. Such an art moves people to a judgment in important matters als Maschinen, as machines, and it takes away their freedom. He wrote that reading the best speech of a Roman orator, a member of parliament or a preacher was always mixed for him with an unpleasant feeling of disapproval of a deceitful art.