Section 630h of the German Civil Code governs the burden of proof for errors in medical treatment. Since 2013 its fourth paragraph has read: War ein Behandelnder für die von ihm vorgenommene Behandlung nicht befähigt, wird vermutet, dass die mangelnde Befähigung für den Eintritt der Verletzung des Lebens, des Körpers oder der Gesundheit ursächlich war. If the person giving treatment was not qualified for it, the law presumes that this lack of qualification caused the injury to life, body or health. A typical case is a junior doctor who performs his first complex operation alone. The patient must still prove that an error was made. The law then presumes that the lack of qualification caused the damage.