Base and Superstructure

In January 1859, in London, Karl Marx wrote the preface to Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. In a few sentences he summed up his theory of society. The relations of production together form the economic structure of society, die reale Basis, worauf sich ein juristischer und politischer Überbau erhebt, the real base on which a legal and political superstructure rises.

Die Produktionsweise des materiellen Lebens bedingt den sozialen, politischen und geistigen Lebensprozeß überhaupt. The way material life is produced conditions social, political and intellectual life as a whole. Es ist nicht das Bewußtsein der Menschen, das ihr Sein, sondern umgekehrt ihr gesellschaftliches Sein, das ihr Bewußtsein bestimmt. It is not people’s consciousness that determines their being. It is their social being that determines their consciousness.

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